History and Global Rise of the Navel Orange

The navel orange, a popular citrus fruit, has an intriguing history that traces back to the early 19th century in Bahia, Brazil. This variety originated from a spontaneous mutation in a laranja selecta orange tree around 1820. This mutation caused the development of a secondary fruit at the apex of the primary fruit, creating a distinct shape resembling a human navel, which gave the fruit its name. The genetic anomaly was significant not only because of its appearance but also because it resulted in a seedless variety, which further contributed to its uniqueness.

As a seedless fruit, navel oranges cannot reproduce through traditional means like other citrus fruits. Instead, they must be propagated through grafting, a technique in which cuttings from the original navel orange tree are attached to rootstock from other citrus trees. This process ensures that all navel oranges grown today are clones of the original tree that mutated in the 19th century. This genetic uniformity is remarkable, as every navel orange is essentially identical to that first fruit in Bahia.

The journey of the navel orange from Brazil to global prominence began in 1873 when the U.S. Department of Agriculture obtained cuttings from a navel orange tree in Bahia. These cuttings were sent to Eliza Tibbets in Riverside, California, where the trees thrived in the region's Mediterranean climate. The sweet, seedless oranges ripened perfectly during California’s mild winter months, making them an attractive fruit for both local consumption and export.

The success of these navel orange trees in California marked a turning point in the state’s agricultural development. By the early 20th century, navel orange cultivation had expanded rapidly, transforming California into one of the world's leading citrus producers. The navel orange became a cornerstone of the state's economy, contributing significantly to its agricultural revenue. Today, navel oranges are beloved worldwide for their sweetness, easy peeling, and lack of seeds, making them a staple fruit in homes around the globe.
History and Global Rise of the Navel Orange

Ancient Egypt storage of grain

Storage is the intermediate stage between cereal production and processing and its distribution and consumption.

By ancient Egypt times grain storage and progress from the simple family store to large state-run systems.

The dry climate of Egypt would have indeed allowed farmers to bulk process their harvest communally to the clean grain stage prior storage.

Even without the sophisticated equipment that is available today, grain storage proved remarkably non-problematical in ancient Egypt, although infestation was always a potential problem.

Some of these have been excavated: they were made of dried clay bricks or baked bricks and had domed roofs.

It was the system that was almost certainly used by Joseph, he gathered in the grain of the seven good years before the seven famine years and thus with careful rationing, prevented starvation.

At that time the system was highly organized, hierarchal system of grain storage, which for the most part was successful in feeding population, even during the lean years.

Grain was stored at national, regional, local and household levels.

The state would have to collect and manage surpluses and meet local as well as central needs in case of any difficulty.

Archeological evidence indicates that large storage facilities were attached to temples and palaces.
Ancient Egypt storage of grain